Outline and Evaluate Msm Essay Example

Outline and Evaluate Msm Essay Example Outline and Evaluate Msm Essay Outline and Evaluate Msm Essay Psychology Outline and evaluate the multi-store model The MSM was created by Atkinson and Shiffrin  (1968) who suggested that memory was comprised of three separate stores. They were; sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory. The model shows how information is transferred between the three stores. The model simply shows that when your are given information of environmental stimuli it will enter your sensory memory and only if you pay attention will it enter your short term memory, which has a capacity of 7+/- 2 bits of information. The information can last up to 18 seconds, without rehearsal. STM is encoded mainly acoustically, however sometimes it is done visually. If maintenance rehearsal takes place it will remain in STM or be forgotten due to displacement or decay. Elaborative rehearsal will transfer information into LTM which has unlimited capacity and can last a lifetime. LTM is encoded mainly semantically. The retrieval of information from LTM to STM can happen when needed. This model is a linear model because the information just passes through the model one way. A particular strength of this model is that it is high in ecologically validity and therefore can be applied to everyday life. A good example is the case study of H. M. who had brain surgery to cure severe epilepsy but this resulted in the inability to transfer information from STM to LTM so that he could not form long term memories, supporting the concept that the MSM is not a unitary model. Another example is the lab experiment of Glanzer and Cuntiz (1966) who found that participants who were asked to remember lists of words could remember the first and last few words but the ones in the middle were more difficult. This would show that the first words in the list have been stored in LTM whereas the last words are still in STM. A weakness of this model is that the scientific evidence which supports this model lacks validity because it is carried out as a lab experiment. This is an artificial environment and the participants have to remember information which isn’t important to remember in everyday life e. g. trigrams. Another weakness of this model is that it is a much too simply explained because it explains STM and LTM however hardly describes them as fixed structures and does not take into account that there are different types of them e. g. for LTM the different types of structures are procedural or episodic.

Structure Of Travel And Tourism Industry Tourism Essay Example

Structure Of Travel And Tourism Industry Tourism Essay Example Structure Of Travel And Tourism Industry Tourism Essay Structure Of Travel And Tourism Industry Tourism Essay The construction of the Travel and Tourism industry consists of six constituents ATTRACTIONS are either natural in themselves or are man-made.It is easy to believe of natural attractive forces eg Lake District or Blackpool Beach that has some 6million visitants each year.Man-made attractive forces are constructed for tourists.Alton Towers is a genuinely celebrated subject park full of activities for the family.Other really celebrated attractive forces are the London Eye, Tower of London.TRANSPORT signifiers at least 25 % of a tourer s spending for a trip and with many ways of acquiring around it forms a critical function in the touristry industry.In order to acquire to their finish it normally involves at least two signifiers of transport.The British public expect a high criterion of service affecting all signifiers of travel information. The rail web has been extensively modernised with many private companies viing with each other, such asVirgin, GNER and Eurostar.Over 5million riders travel each twelvemonth with Eurostar through the channel tunnel.Train journeying has declined slightly but some services are paying their way.Coach travel has ever been an indispensable and popular signifier of conveyance enabling the populace to go at highly low cost, including abroad.National Express and Eurolines carry more than 12million riders a twelvemonth to over 1200 finishs. Air travel may dwell of scheduled flights winging to strict timetables, particularly good for concern people. There are charter flights with planes hired for certain journeys at no set time.Some big circuit operators own their ain charter airlines.More than 75 % of all bundle vacations use air travel. The sea ferries have become really popular for sing Ireland and France.There is besides the Hovercraft.Cruising around the Mediterranean has maintained its worth with P A ; O.ACCOMODATION is of course highly of import to the travel and touristry industry.The overall criterions of hotels and B A ; Bs has greatly improved.Travel hostel, campgrounds, trains and self-catering Villas all contribute to the industry.Over recent old ages self-catering where you provide your ain nutrient and repasts has grown in popularity.Half-board offers you breakfast and tea with full-board providing everything. Tour OPERATORS produce vacations in the signifier of a package.A contract is negotiated with adjustment and conveyance providers.Buying in majority reduces overhead costs and the vacation is presented as a booklet to the travel agents, and so sold ; either straight or via the agent.There are four major circuit operators, they are My Travel and First Choice, Thomson and Thomas Cook.Collectively these are known as TUI.It is an illustration of perpendicular integration.It operates at more than one degree of the vacation chain.Examples of mass market providers are Thomas Cook, Thomson, First Choice. Provision is made for bureau and circuit operating services with call Centres and operational airlines.The circuit trade names are good known.The balance of the market consists of little, average sized operations normally making concern for a little specialized patronages such as the singles market or gourmet cooking holidaies. The Travel and Tourism industry has changed dramatically as a con sequence of the sum of integration.Integration has both a positive and negative consequence on the industry. With perpendicular integrating an administration buys another at a different degree on the purchasing chain.An illustration is Thomson who bought Britannia Airways together with Lunn Poly the travel agent.Britannia Airways is allowed by the parent to offer lower fares.The circuit operator makes more net income ; but the travel agent merely receives a low rate of committee go forthing most of the net income to the tour operator.Integration is advantageous if it permits the administration to command pricing and communicates good with every degree of such a concatenation. Horizontal integrating, less common, occurs when an administration buys another that is on the same degree of the purchasing concatenation. Go one time owned by British Airways was bought out by EasyJet. This move resulted in power stigmatization where all Son of Go became that of EasyJet.This occurred a negative impact with customers.Prices were able to be controlled by EasyJet ; yet the end point for EasyJet is more market infinite for self-promotion. Tour operators have a much larger market portion than travel agents.Thus upon integrating with a circuit operator the agent sells and promotes the services of the operator.The rate of committee is in the control of the circuit operator. The independent travel agents are earnestly affected by integration.The circuit operators and air hoses will sell their merchandises over the cyberspace straight. As a consequence niche markets are developing to run into the demands of the clients in the high street who prefer personal attending in such affairs. The air hoses have besides been affected by integration.British Airways tried to unify with American Airlines but IATA said no, because such a coupling would rule wholly transatlantic flights. Horizontal and perpendicular integrating has significantly reduced competition within the industry.The demand from the populace has set a pattern.Smaller companies are non traveling to be able to cope.A big administration can absorb failure impact if the agreement does non work but for a smaller company such failure would spell ruin. Travel Agents do their occupation of selling the brochures.This is the nexus between circuit operators and the public.They normally cater for specializer holidays.There are multiple travel agents with bureaus all around the UK.The most celebrated are Traveling Topographic points, Thomson and Lunn Poly.There are miniples dwelling of approximately 20 to thirty shops.Independent travel agents are little and household owned.Very popular are Call Centres where the client can book a vacation by phone. Tourism AND DEVELOPMENT situated all over the state guarantee that prospective visitants learn of their location and all it has to offer by extended advertisement and publicity work with handiness for advice and information including the capableness to set about research.Blue Badge ushers have really intensive and specific preparation to supply Tourss of their several parts for visitors.A concatenation of distribution therefore comes into being by which a merchandise eg a bundle vacation is distributed from the principal/producer to the tourist/consumer.This occurs really frequently via the circuit operators and travel agents ( jobbers and retail merchants ) . There are services related to the Travel and Tourism industry provided by public, private and voluntary.Public sector services are accountable to elected bodies.Most are non-profit making.Local governments support touristry information centres.Visit Britain is an illustration of the Public Sector.Its aims are to advance Britain as a tourer finish to abroad clients and to promote domestic clients to take more frequent and longer vacations within the state ; to supply advice and support for broader authorities aims ; for other tourer boards to spouse them in constructing a touristry industry within the state ; and for its staff, to accomplish ends by using resources more expeditiously, through openness, handiness, professionalism, answerability and reactivity. The private sector consists of a battalion of commercial companies whose purpose is of course to bring forth net income in services and merchandises provided for their customers.Household names include Thomas Cook, Rank and Granada.These contribute significantly to the wealth of the UK. Voluntary sector administrations consist basically of voluntary staff.Their position is of a charity runing on a non-profit footing. They may hold rate and VAT alleviation on any investings, sedimentations or covenants.If registered as charities they have to fulfill certain conditions.Objectives may be charitable, with intents good on behalf of the communities they serve. Without the Tourist would be no tourer industry so what is of particular involvement to which there are many unreciprocated inquiries is the phenomena of mass flows of tourers as to their beginnings and other related affairs of interest.A systems attack is favoured, and that of Leiper s system lends itself to unclutter thought heuristic In Leiper s basic touristry system there are three defined geographical regions/entities.They consist of the Traveller bring forthing regions.The Tourist finish parts and the Transit path parts The travel and touristry industry concerns itself with free flow circulation and the activities of the tourer within the three defined parts. The bring forthing part is where there is readying for the journey with attendant reaching at a destination.The bring forthing part pushes motive towards travel.Here they make their engagement and look into out.Destination is where the tourer really becomes a tourer ; it is where the touristry activity occurs.Here directo rs consequence their strategies.Geographically the pull factor is variable, dependent upon the existent location.Demand is created here.The theodolite part encompasses all topographic points visited along the manner to the existent destination.It should be self apparent that one portion of such a system can non work without the others. Europe, Australasia and Indonesia, Philippines with Brunei are the push parts for Singapore for example.Many tourers within the assortment of flows sing the state will utilize it as a halt over location.

Ethical Dilemmas in Psych-Article Critique Assignment

Ethical Dilemmas in Psych-Article Critique - Assignment Example The experiment was also approved by Stanford’s Human Subjects Review Committee (the university’s equivalent to an IRB), the Stanford Psychology Department, and by the Navy, who funded much of the study. The APA, at Zimbardo’s request, conducted an ethics evaluation in 1973 and concluded that all existing ethical guidelines had been followed (O’Toole, 1997). Like in the case of Milgrim’s famous study on authority conducted a few years earlier, which has been compared to the Zimbardo study, there are those who believe that this study would have never passed an IRB’s scrutiny today. Zimbardo himself felt that there was much about this study that was unethical. In his book The Lucifer Effect (2007), Zimbardo even apologized for conducting it. He believed that it was unethical because of the suffering it inflicted on its participants and stated, "I was guilty of the sin of omission—the evil of inaction—of not providing adequate overs ight and surveillance when it was required†¦The findings came at the expense of human suffering. I am sorry for that and to this day apologize for contributing to this inhumanity." (181, 235) PINNEBAKER (1997) James W. Pennebaker’s article (1997), â€Å"Writing About Emotional Experiences as a Therapeutic Process,† is a literature review. ... One of the most interesting studies he discusses is the study in which patients used a â€Å"magic pad;† researchers found that there were as much positive effects as therapy modes in which they received feedback from a therapist. Pennebaker’s thesis of his article seems to be that there needs to be some kind of physical activity in the disclosure of trauma and to remedy inhibition; what form the activity takes does not matter, as long as it occurs. Pennebaker, in his discussion of the research about writing, does not state if the evaluators followed ethical guidelines, but since they all occurred in laboratory and university settings, it can be assumed that they were all brought before IRBs or similar authorizing committees. It can also be assumed that all participants granted informed consent. It does not seem that other than a few tears, much harm occurred as a result of their participation in any of these studies. Some emotional pain is expected when disclosing trau matic experiences, and in most cases, the release of emotional pain is therapeutic. Most members of IRBs, who are most likely also counselors or those familiar with the counseling process, would understand this when faced with approving these kinds of studies, so passing them was probably an easy process. Pennebaker makes it clear that more studies on the therapeutic benefits of writing needs to be conducted. This article and the studies he discusses support the importance of putting language to traumatic experiences, whether by talking about them, writing about them, and even better, by doing both. MIDDLEMAST (1976) R. Dennis Middlemast’s study (1976) was conducted in 1974, like the Zimbardo study, before the widespread practice of IRBs were firmly established. Also like the

The legality of lying Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The legality of lying - Research Proposal Example This is not always the case, and later in this discussion, it will come to light that not all lies are bad and not all lies are good either. Project overview In the efforts to find effective conclusions, the study will be guided by the objective of assessing the legality of lying. In order for the study, to achieve its objectives, a wide range of literatures will be consulted. This will include books, internet search, journals, and relevant researches. In this regard, a clear articulation of concepts related to lying and their legalities will be prioritised. This can be argued to be necessary because the law has been under siege for the allegations of it being selective in its application. For example, when a policemen lies before a court of law by a way of exaggerating the situation in order irritate the accused in bid to pressure him/her tell the truth, this kind of lying could be necessary in helping the court assess the truth. The study finds it necessary to utilise secondary dat a in its methodology because they will give a wide range of information, which will help understand the phenomena at hand. In the analysis of the data, grounded theory will be utilised in order to have a comprehensive analysis. The study will benefit various legal institutions and open up a wider view of how the issue lying is applicable in various legal concepts. Politicians Basing one’s argument on the sensitivity of their positions in society, the question then beckons; is it okay to lie? A politician is always under scrutiny from the public either directly or through intermediaries like the media on all actions that they take whether in their public or private lives. There are at times justifications where lying is acceptable. It is often in cases where politicians cannot really explain their actions, for example, in international affairs that they find solace in lying (Mearsheimer 2011). When British parliamentarians made claims to the exchequer for additional funds thro ugh making false claims, there was an uproar which saw them return the excess funds and apologize for having done so. This is a case where lies were made to benefit the politicians. Looking at this case study, the question that lingers on one’s mind is what are the benefits that accrue to lying? For example, a government can opt to exaggerate the situation at hand in order to obtain grants or monetary assistance from the international community. Nevertheless, some politicians have tendencies of using lies for their own personal gains. This can be viewed as a breach of law. On the other hand, although it can be claimed that some forms of lying can be recognised as being legal, it depends with the gravity of the consequences of that particular lying, and how the party involved can defend their actions legally. The severity of lying coming from a politician will mainly depend on the matter at hand. Every leader’s main goal in life is to ensure that the best interests of h is country are upheld. If a leader finds it necessary to lie about a certain leader who oppresses people and that if those lies help remove the oppressor from power and that this will benefit the greater majority of citizens, in such a case, though unprofessional, the lie will be justified. On the other han

Science Trivias Essay Example for Free

Science Trivias Essay There are 62,000 miles of blood vessels in the human body – laid end to end they would circle the earth 2.5 times A thimbleful of a neutron star would weigh over 100 million tons A typical hurricane produces the energy equivalent of 8,000 one megaton bombs Blood sucking hookworms inhabit 700 million people worldwide The interstellar gas cloud Sagittarius B contains a billion, billion, billion liters of alcohol Polar Bears can run at 25 miles an hour and jump over 6 feet in the air And they are nearly undetectable by infrared cameras, due to their transparent fur The selfish giant The giant had a beautiful garden. It had lovely green grass, peach trees and rich fruits. Birds sang there and children played. The giant was away staying at his friends place. When he came back he scared the children away from the garden. Now the children had no place to play and were sad. That year spring came all over the country but not in the giant’s garden. It remained covered with snow frost and hail. No flowers bloomed neither did the birds sing. One morning he found flowers in the garden, the birds singing and found children on the branches of the trees. But there was still winter in one corner of the garden. There was a little boy in that corner who could not climb the trees. The giant came out and helped him to climb the tree. He also played with the children. The little child kissed the giant. This melted the giant’s heart. The children played everyday in the garden after school. One afternoon the little child was missing. The giant looked for him daily but couldn’t find him. Years passed. The giant grew old and weak. One winter morning that very child was again seen in the garden. The giant ran to him and found that the child had prints of nails on his palms and feet. The child said that they were the wounds of love. He said he wanted to take him to his garden, which is the Paradise. That afternoon the children found the giant lying dead and covered with flowers in the garden. film review: the sound of music: This classic musical continues to have wide appeal despite, or perhaps even because of, its cringe factor. Like that other widely-popular sing-a-long extravaganza, The Rocky Horror Picture Show, The Sound Of Music draws loyal and enthusiastic audiences as well as newcomers who wonder what all the fuss is about. The mostly-happy Cinderella tale of nun-turned-governess-turned-wife, however, aims straight for the family market. Maria (a smiley Julie Andrews) does her best as governess to the seven wealthy but unruly von Trapp children. It wont spoil the movie to reveal that she wins over not only the children, but their stern naval-officer father (Christopher Plummer in fine form) with her musical talents and upbeat view on life. For those of us who grew up watching it every year on TV at Christmas, the nostalgia it evokes contributes to a strange bond with people from around the world, so that someone from Canada might find themselves laughing, and yes, even cringing, with a South African who knows all the songs from the film. There is more than nostalgia and family values, however, to this movie. The true story of the von Trapps takes place during the Nazi occupation of Austria, following which the family is forced to make a daring escape through the Alps. Mostly, however, this is a tale about looking on the sunny side of life, accompanied by such classic songs as My Favourite Things and Do-Re-Mi. Anyone who appreciates the power of music cant deny the strange uplifting charm of this admittedly sappy movie.

San Francisco and Influenza :: Journalism Spanish Flu Health Essays

San Francisco and the Spanish Flu SAN FRANCISCO--No one can deny the amount of patriotism San Franciscans have for their country especially during the Great War. Rallying, Parading, and marching down the streets of San Francisco are where these civilians choose to be, whether they like wearing gauze masks or not. Such undertakings, however, are exactly the kinds of activities a community seeking to protect itself from Spanish Influenza should definitely avoid. With the commotion of World War I many San Franciscans fail to notice the rapid rate at which people are falling victim to the epidemic influenza. Origins at this time are not specifically known although it was dubbed the name, Spanish Flu, for its early affliction and large mortality rates in Spain. The influenza, also known as the Spanish Flu, is affecting roughly all of northern California economically and socially whether San Franciscans notice it or not. Several schools, churches, and buildings are closed due to preventive orders by authorities. Insurance companies and the Government are spiraling downwards financially as they become responsible for the victims of this deadly influenza. Moreover, ordinances mandated the wearing of gauze masks in public places. Such laws are outraging civilians as well as important politicians. Individuals against the mandatory wearing of gauze masks appealed the law while others chose to be arrested rather than wear the masks. Governor Stephens attempted to set an example for all Californians by wearing a gauze mask to a meeting at the Capitol. Even state senators are ordered to wear masks when attending meetings in the senate. On January 12, the public health committee of the Alameda County Medical Society suggested and presented codes of conduct to combat the influenza epidemic. The Medical Society advise civilians to wear gauze masks when congregating with two or more people. Military reservations and forts are being quarantined to halt the spread of the influenza epidemic. Agreements cannot be made between local authorities and civilians nor can they accept the safety precautions local authorities are trying to apply. While newspapers such as The San Francisco Chronicle have explosive front page headlines of the war, the deadly influenza epidemic seems miniscule in comparison. There are far too many articles on insignificant stories of divorces, crimes, and debutantes of San Francisco. Of what was actually mentioned in between the pages of war talk were the repeals over the laws requiring civilians to wear gauze masks.

Effects of Google Translate on Vocabulary

Effects of Google Translate on Vocabulary Acquisition and Reading Comprehension BY traveler0527 Effects of Google Translate on Vocabulary Acquisition and Reading Comprehension Abstract With the rapid development of technology, more modern ways are applied to English learning. Though technology towards language learning has been extensively studied in recent years, the influences of online translation are seldom examined. This study investigates the effects of Google translate on English vocabulary acquisition and article comprehension. It was hypothesized that Google translate can improve students' performance in both aspects.The research was evaluated by an experiment which needed participants to read one article and finish some related quizzes. To make a comparison, participants were divided into two groups with only one can use Google translate. The results were unexpected. It seems that Google translate does not has a significant positive effect to help students learn English voc abulary and to improve reading comprehension. Students who learn English, teachers who want to help their students make progress and researchers in this area could benefit from this study.Introduction The rapid development of technology in recent decades benefits the education area. Besides traditional teaching methods, more approaches are employed in language learning to help learners make progress. Many studies have focused on impacts of different kinds of technology on English learning. Previous research from Kung and Chuo (2002) affirmed that college students acknowledge the Internet as a useful tool to learn English. Chun and Plass (1996) suggested that with multimedia program to assist high school students in reading articles, the rate of incidental vocabulary learning increased.However, few studies have examined the effects of online translation service on English learning. Research studies both vocabulary learning and reading comprehension is also difficult to find. Therefor e, further investigations are needed. This research is aimed at investigating the influences of Google translate on vocabulary learning and reading comprehension. Google translate is a kind of free online language translation service which can instantly translate text or web pages into numerous different languages. Vocabulary learning is an important and fundamental aspect of English study which stresses cognition and use of words.Additionally, reading comprehension is an ability to understand articles which elated to recognition of content and grasp of main ideas. The lack of previous research on this topic leads to the research question: Do students who use Google translate to help them learn English have higher efficiency than students who do not? It was hypothesized that Google translate will improve students' understanding of unfamiliar words and the content of an article. Methodology Sample The sample participating in this experiment consisted of 1 1 students from Yl- are non- native English speakers.Material Google translate, which is capable to offer translation of text immediately and can un perfectly on laptops, was used as assistance for the experiment group and defined as the independent variable. A relatively new article excerpted from Slate Magazine which is about business and trade was adopted as the test material. With an academic style and approximately 700 words, this article can be difficult to understand. A quiz related to the article consisting of 8 questions about vocabulary learning and 2 questions about reading comprehension was also used.The first 8 questions ask participants to choose the right words to fill in 8 incomplete sentences. The last 2 questions are multiple choice questions. Procedure Several meetings were held to design the experiment and the quiz. After that, the whole experiment was piloted in the researcher team to check the validity of questions and to ensure there would be sufficient time for participants to finish the reading task and the quiz. Another purpose is to make every researcher be familiar with the process. The formal experiment was conducted on 19th April in the EAP classroom.All members of the research team were required to bring laptops in order to run Google translate. First, participants were divided into two groups randomly. 6 tudents in the experiment group were allowed to use Google translate during the reading time. Other 5 students were treated as the control group. Then, a 3-minute- long brief guidance including rules of the experiment was given to participants. Next, paper copies of the article were given out and 1 5 minutes were arranged for participants to read.The experiment group was allowed to use Google translate when they encounter unfamiliar words or sentences, whereas the control group should read through the paper without any assistance. For both groups, taking notes and making marks in the reading paper were forbidden. Afterwards, quiz papers were distributed to evaluate participants' learning outcomes and Google translate is banned to use. Participants were given 15 minutes to finish the quiz. Finally, all the papers were collected. The whole experiment was conducted in the EAP classroom and last for approximately 40 minutes.After the experiment, the research team gathered to mark quiz papers and the results were analyzed by using a data- recording table. Result and analysis The aim of this experiment is to define whether Google translate can help students learn English more efficiently. Without the independent variable, which is Google ranslate, all other conditions were kept the same to both groups. Therefore, it seems fair to say the experiment was conducted in a Just way. The most important finding is one that out of the researchers' expectation. The average grade of control group is nearly 1. 2 times higher than the experiment group (Figure 1).It reflects that the control group had a better performance during the test. Considering the result contraries to the hypothesis, deep analyses were given. The possible reasons are as follows. Firstly, because of the lack of a pre-test to divide subjects, there may be a hance to put students who are good at English in the control group. Secondly, participants who have the privilege to use Google translate may rely on it whenever understanding of the content and the efficient use of context. Thirdly, since participants in experiment group needed to switch between the papers and laptops, it is hard for them to concentrate on the article.Fourthly, as Google translate can only give one simple definition of the word or phrase, this could be inaccurate and sometimes could mislead those students. After data were entered in an Excel spreadsheet, the accuracy of every question was alculated. As the Figure 2 below illustrates, the overall accuracy of the control group is higher than the experiment group except for question 5 and 8. No one in the control group answered correctly to t he fifth question and one third of them gave wrong answers to the eighth question.These two questions are aimed at testing students' understanding of the meaning of new words. Google translate gives the right explanations which are consistent with the meaning in the content. This may indicate that Google translate can help students gain the meaning of some words which have clear and simplex meaning. However, the last question, which is a multiple choice question about reading comprehension, none in the experiment group gave the right answer while almost half of the students in the control group chose the correct one.The data suggests that students in the control group had a better understanding about the main ideas of the article. This may because there was no equipment to distract their attention and all they could do during the first part of the test was to read the whole content thoroughly. Another question that worth being discussed according to the Figure is the sixth question, all participants in he experiment, no matter which group they belonged to, failed to answer it. The question is: Even so, it is unclear how much the shift to inland growth really has. The correct word be chosen from the box is â€Å"momentum†.From the experiment group's perspective, it is proper to surmise that the Chinese translation given by Google translate is inapposite and not related to the content tightly. This made it tough for those who take Google translate as a helper. From the control group' viewpoints, it may perhaps be that the context is complex and the meaning is hard to guess. Another factor that needs to be concerned is the question itself because it is a compound sentence and difficult to understand. To brief summarize, Google vocabulary and improve the comprehension of reading.Conclusion One of the most important findings is that the control group performed better with higher marks on average in the experiment about whether Google translate is helpful for students to learn new words and to understand better about the content when they read an article. Another interesting finding is that Google translate can be very useful when the target word has a definite meaning and at the same time, be very imited when relate to the text comprehension. In general, the findings are unexpected and contradict the hypothesis which claims that Google translate can have positive effects to English learners.It is also contradictory to the findings of Peters (2007), which claims that the use of online dictionary can enhance vocabulary acquisition. To sum up, though Google translate is useful when readers want to find students when they read an article or encounter words with multi-meanings. The unanticipated findings may relate to some limitations of this experiment. First, the topic is limited. Since the research topic is to examine the effects of technology on English learning, it can contain many subareas. For example, reading, listening, speaking an d writing.The research group only focused on 2 English learning aspects: vocabulary and text learning. Even the vocabulary contains lots of inspection points, such as spelling, pronunciation and word meaning. Also, use Google translate to represent technology is one-sided. There are other kinds of technology like software, recorder and e-dictionary. Second, for the experiment, the sample size is too small and lack of diversity. All 11 participants are year 1 students with the same major from the same education background. In addition, the gender proportion is unbalanced.Meanwhile, a pre-test about the English level of the participants is lacked. Moreover, the function of Google translate is inadequate. In brief, the limitations are in two aspects: topic and the design of the experiment and these may lead to the unpredicted findings. The findings of this report lead to some recommendations. Firstly, students who learn English at the beginning level can use Google translate to find th e meaning of the words, phrases and sentences to help them understand the ontent. However, it is not suggested to rely on Google translate to find definitions of every words.Secondly, teachers who want to help their students make progress in English learning could use Google translate as assistance more appropriately and efficiently in the aspect of simplex-meaning word acquisition. It is also advised that teachers should encourage students to think more by themselves actively and avoid using Google translate to find the meaning of every new word. Thirdly, researchers in this area can gain useful information about the effects of online translation service n English vocabulary learning and reading comprehension.

In Twelve Angry Men Rose Shows That Doubt Is an Easier State of Mind Than Certainty Essay

Set in the sweltering summer of 1954, Reginald Rose’s socially insightful play â€Å"Twelve Angry Men†, illustrates the dangers of a justice system that relies on twelve individuals to reach a â€Å"life or death† decision with collective states of minds hindered by â€Å"personal prejudice†. At the conception of the play, rose explores the idea that doubt is a harder state of mind than certainty by portraying doubt, in the guilt of the boy, as a minority view within the courtroom. However, as the play progresses a seed of doubt is planted and the importance of self prejudice hindering the verdict is removed, making it harder for the jurors to hold their certainty in their guilty verdict. At the conception of Twelve Angry Men, Rose exposes the audience to the devastating heat in the jury room which over looks the â€Å"New York sky line† on what is described as â€Å"the hottest day of the the year†. At this stage it is revealed to the audience the apathetic nature of jury members, uninterested in the â€Å"grave responsibility† they have in deciding the fate of the â€Å"16 year old boys life† and more interested with the goal of escaping the plain, oven like jury room. With each juror being blinded by the thick glaze of heat In front of them a verdict of guilty becomes the instinctive state of mind and the room for reasonable doubt is eliminated from all but one. The author, Reginald Rose displays through juror 8 that to be doubtful when challenging a majority becomes a harder state of mind, â€Å"as it’s not easy to stand alone against the ridicule of other† at this moment juror 8 initiates his campaign that we can never be certain about anything, we can only make assumptions based on the information provided. As juror 8’s campaign continues, and the seed of doubt planted into the â€Å"guilty† minded jury members is fertilised thorough the analysing of facts the reasonable doubt slowly grows in the jurors minds, the audience begin to create an understanding that doubt is an easier state of mind than certainty, as to be doubtful you are not accountable to that single view, as we are reminded in the text from juror 8 â€Å"I don’t know whether I believe it or not† parting him from the majority but lowering the conflict, as he is not certain about the innocence of the boy rather not feeling not comfortable to raise his â€Å"hand and send a boy off to die without talking  about it first†, making the doubtful state of mind an easier sense of conscience although a harder sense to preach onto the other jury members who consist of the majority. Towards the conclusion of the play twelve angry men, doubt begins to become an easier state of mind as the persuasion of doubt is created through a range of events that after previously being concrete are now questioned, and the â€Å"not guilty† verdict is now the majority verdict, this releases the oppressively hot environment of the jury room through the delivery of rain, representing a Burst of relief and fresh air for the jurors. Although, Reginald Rose decisively leaves one jury member (3) who is still stuck in the train of personal prejudice and believes the kid â€Å"knifed his father 6 inches into the chest†. Juror 3s certain state of mind portrays him as the villain of twelve angry men, a man who is blinded by his own personal outside influences and is illustrated as a stubborn man with no â€Å"integrity† when defending his view of â€Å"guilty†, this shows that his state of mind being â€Å"guilty† now becomes the harder state of mind as he is left as the minority, and could not separate personal prejudice when dealing with the fate of another’s life, effecting his judgement. After juror 3 finally splits his relationship between his son and the 16 year old boy on trial a â€Å"not-guilty† verdict is delivered to the judge. Reginald Rose shows his intended audience at the conception of the film that doubt is the harder state of mind as juror 8 views on the boy and trial is challenging the majority, although throughout the progression of the play, not one juror member is able to hold his certainty, making doubt an easier state of mind as they do not have to hold a certain point of view and are not accountable to that single certain view.

Motivational Strategies

Motivational Strategies Motivation theories were for a long time used in the field of psychology, especially in counseling and behavior change practices. A lot of achievements have been made in the use of motivational theories in the field of psychology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the recent times, motivational theories have been heavily integrated into the field of business and general management. This is because organizations depend on their employees as the chief assets in the attainment of organizational goals (Mckenna, 2000). Therefore, motivation has become an indispensable tool in management due to the emerging challenges in management. These challenges include stiff competition and a volatile business environment (Beck, 2004). Motivation theories, as applied in business, are used during the motivation of employees in order to enhance employee delivery and thus leading to performance improvement. Also, in business, motivational theories have helped many organizations to focus the efforts of the workers on the real goals of the business as they perform their duties. There are many theories of motivation that are applied in different ways, and in different business organizations. However, they end up serving the same function, which is establishing a motivated workforce for improved performance and productivity (Gitman McDaniel, 2009). This paper discusses how motivation has been applied at the place of work and goes further to explain the impact that this has had on productivity. The discussion focuses on business organizations.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the focus will be on the efforts of the organizations to motivate their employees and the outcomes of motivation in the organization. Motivational Strategies in Business Firms In business organizations, business ideas and strategies are often invented. These ideas have to be translated into reality that is depicted in business outcomes. This is done by the workforce of the organization. Inspiration encourages the hatching of new ideas, but for these ideas to be tamed and implemented, motivation of the workforce is needed. Motivation ensures that workers put significant effort in their duties so that the business ideas that result from inspiration become successful. Several motivational strategies can be applied in business operations so as to excite employees (Wiley, 1997). One of the strongest motivational strategies that have been found to work well for business organizations is the maintenance of open communication among employees, and between employees and management. Employees of an organization need to have a feeling that they count in the organization and that their ideas are taken into account by their managers. When this happens, the employ ees will feel more inclusive. They thus become more responsible as in the aspect of ownership is instilled through open communication (Gaspar, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A strategy that accompanies good communication and is embedded in communication is feedback. When it is well utilized, it bears more results than even financial rewards as these rewards are easily forgotten when the money has been used by the beneficiary. Frequent availing of positive feedback to employees accompanied by a team oriented environment makes a big difference in shaping the behavior of employees. It makes employees have the sense of value in the company, and thus the commitment level of employees to the company goes up. Positive feedback communication is molded as a culture in the organization. One company that has been utilizing this for quite some time is Tejas Securi ties Group Incorporated. This strategy has helped the company to maintain its staff for a long time and in expanding the activities of the company (Fielding, 2012). In a business, the most important motivational strategy is rewards. Workers will only be motivated by the success of the company when they are rewarded as a result of the success. Rewards can be in the form of material or in financial terms. The employees will always work hard to avoid failure as they know that if they fail, they will lose on rewards. This stems from having been rewarded previously. The employees increase their efforts when there are considerable rewards that are associated to success. A good example can be seen in the quarterly sales bonuses within a business. Salesmen show significant commitment to the sales function when there are high bonuses attached to a certain percentage of sales quotas (Mckenna, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employee empowerment also goes a step further in employee motivation. The management of most business organizations has acknowledged the importance for each employee of their companies to have a strong grasp of their tasks as concerning their job in the company. Empowerment is a motivational strategy that gives power and authority to employees to manage themselves in their line of duty while in business. Empowerment aims to cut down the level of employee supervision. The principle of empowerment resonates from a psychological perspective. This perspective asserts that when people feel free in attending to a certain task, they become composed and will thus accomplish the task in a furnished way. Close supervision of employees causes panic and fear of doing the work badly, and this result in poor work. However, empowerment is attained when employees are fully trained and have shown that they have mastered their work and that they can accomplish their roles without a lot of dependency. Employees who show an initiative, a strong desire to diversify their duties and become efficient in their jobs are left to perform their duties independently. Empowerment is accompanied by thorough training (Gaspar, 2006). Motivational Theories and Application in Business Organizations There are very many behavioral theories that have been used to motivate employees and other stakeholders of organizations. They include Maslow’s theory of motivation; goal setting and activation; affect perseverance; and consistency, cognitive evolution, control, and drive reactance theories among many other theories (Mckenna, 2000). There are many theories that explain how employees can be motivated. However, there is one motivational theory that has gained wide usage in the day to day life. This is the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. It is a theory that aims at shaping behavior. This theory has been applied in many business strategies by different business firms, especially in hum an resources management. The theory has had a wide use in the motivation of employees and customers when it is used in marketing functions of companies. The theory classifies the needs of people from the simplest to the most complex. According to the theory, the behaviors and actions of people are shaped by their needs. Therefore, the fulfilling of the needs of people leads to a positive change in behavior (Madura, 2007). This theory has meaningful considerations in organizational management. It gives insights into the best means through which organizations can motivate their employees, customers, vendors and clients. Business managers utilize the theory to devise creative ways of motivating workers. This is done by looking at how employee needs relates to job design, and the compensation scheme of the organization. Business leaders, in most cases, use the strength of the psychological needs of employees. This is done by providing wages that are enough to enable employees meet their basic needs. Safety and security needs are met through the provision of job security, a safe working environment, and retirement among other benefits. Social needs are met by way of developing team work in the organization which makes employees feel as being part of the broader organization. In the development of products, companies ensure that they develop products that address the requirements of customers. For instance, companies will strive to produce goods that are on fashion and or whose taste is valued by customers at that time. The fashion industry is commonly associated with this in which case psychological needs self esteem and actualization play a key role in determining buying patterns. Also, companies try to diversify their products so that they can meet different needs of consumers. The more needs the product can meet, the higher number of customers the company is likely to gain (Madura, 2007). The other theory that enjoys wide usage is the goal setting theory. The th eory of goal setting has had a wide usage in industrial, as well as organizational psychology. Goal setting is a management practice that gives the organization a pivoting point for its operations. Goal setting itself is a process that entails the establishment of the level of performance. This ensures that desired business outcomes can be obtained. When employees realize that their current performance is not leading to the achievement of the desired goals, they get motivated to step up their efforts or rather adopt a new strategy that will enable them attain the stipulated goals. In most cases, goal setting emanates from the discontentment with the prevailing performance levels in the organization (Mckenna, 2000). Through goal setting, structures are laid down to direct the behavior and action of employees towards performance improvement. Acceptance of goals is a big milestone in performance improvement. The management sets and explains these goals to the employees. The employees b ecome motivated in the performance of their duties once they accept these goals. The management makes the employees have self-efficacy and importance. Importance is offered by way of availing all the machinery that will be needed in attaining the goals. Inspirational mentorship and good leadership help in instilling the act of self-efficacy in employees. Progress in goal attainment is achieved through feedback (Gitman McDaniel, 2009). As discussed earlier, feedback motivates employees by way of making them feel that they are adding value to the organization. In the case of goal attainment, feedback will help employees to know the amount or level of progress that has been made as they continue implementing programs. When employees realize that they have made much progress, they will be motivated to increase their input so as to ensure that the goal has been accomplished. On the other hand, when little progress is reported, the employees will not want to show or display any act of fa ilure due to self-efficacy. Therefore, they will employ all possible tactics to ensure that they finish the task (Gitman McDaniel, 2009). An example of organizations that apply the theory of goal setting in all levels of operations is the General Electric Company. The company has marked the idea that underlies the goal setting theory. The company ensures that their goals are part of the organizational mission and vision. Their set goals touch on all the aspects organizational operations. The goals are regularly reviewed, and improvements are enhanced so as to ease goal attainment (Redmond, 2012). References Beck, R.C. (2004). Motivation: Theories and principles. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Education. Fielding, R.L. (2012). Employee Motivation Strategies: Effective Solutions That Could Yield Maximum Profits. Web. Gaspar, J.E. (2006). Introduction to business. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co. Gitman, L.J. McDaniel, C.D. (2009). The future of business: The essentials. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Madura, J. (2007). Introduction to business. Mason, OH: Thompson/South-Western. Mckenna, E. (2000). Business psychology and Organizational Behavior. A Student’s Handbook. Third Edition. Philadelphia: Psychology Press Ltd. Redmond, B.F. (2012). Goal Setting Theory. Retrieved from: https://wikispaces.psu.edu/display/PSYCH484/6.+Goal+Setting+Theory Wiley, C. (1997). What motivates employees according to over 40 years of motivation surveys, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 18 Iss: 3, pp.263 – 280.

Solubility Product From Solubility Example Problem

Solubility Product From Solubility Example Problem This example problem demonstrates how to determine the solubility product of an ionic solid in water from a substances solubility. Problem The solubility of silver chloride, AgCl, is 1.26 x 10-5 M at 25 Â °C.The solubility of barium fluoride, BaF2, is 3.15 x 10-3 M at 25 Â °C.Calculate the solubility product, Ksp, of both compounds. Solution The key to solving solubility problems is to properly set up your dissociation reactions and define solubility. AgCl The dissociation reaction of AgCl in water isAgCl (s) ↔ Ag (aq) Cl- (aq)For this reaction, each mole of AgCl that dissolves produces 1 mole of both Ag and Cl-. The solubility would then equal the concentration of either the Ag or Cl ions.solubility [Ag] [Cl-]1.26 x 10-5 M [Ag] [Cl-]Ksp [Ag][Cl-]Ksp (1.26 x 10-5)(1.26 x 10-5)Ksp 1.6 x 10-10 BaF2 The dissociation reaction of BaF2 in water isBaF2 (s) ↔ Ba (aq) 2 F- (aq)This reaction shows that for every mole of BaF2 that dissolves, 1 mole of Ba and 2 moles of F- are formed. The solubility is equal to the concentration of the Ba ions in solution.solubility [Ba] 7.94 x 10-3 M[F-] 2 [Ba]Ksp [Ba][F-]2Ksp ([Ba])(2 [Ba])2Ksp 4[Ba]3Ksp 4(7.94 x 10-3 M)3Ksp 4(5 x 10-7)Ksp 2 x 10-6 Answer The solubility product of AgCl is 1.6 x 10-10.The solubility product of BaF2 is 2 x 10-6.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 18

Case Study Example nt of employees will be done purely on the basis of merit and the management skills in case of leadership positions.For the role of supervisors, the fittest candidate would be one who has the technical knowledge to guide the team as well as have good interpersonal communication skills for managing the people at work.Instead of a one-day training program, the new policy has the provisions of conducting a three day induction program that provides a detailed insight of the work and initial introduction with the existing employees. The company aims to return value to their employees who are willing to add value to the organization. The company believes in providing the best remuneration package in the industry as per the best standards (Armstrong 2006). This is done through competitive fixation of wages for the employees. Apart from the compensation packages, there are several allowances and perquisites that are offered to the employees.The company also believes in providing health benef its and taking care of the medical needs of the employees and their families. The company believes in equal and fair opportunities for both men and women at workplace. The new policy proposes that women should have equal representations as compared to men in the role of supervisors. This would also create fair and transparent communication practices in the workplace. The senior employees and the managers would engage into period communication and take feedbacks from the operational staffs in the process. This would ensure total involvement of the employees and reduce the chances of any communication gap in the process.The company disapproves the collective bargaining agreement between the employees and the union. The following suggestion for improvement could be provided to the human resource manager of FVI as the past recruitments have resulted in a failure rate of 40% amongst the number of candidates who were recruited. In the past, the supervisors were selected on the basis of their

Methods for accident investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Methods for accident investigation - Essay Example Causal factors can be broken down into three types. The first of these is direct cause, which describes the immediate aspect that caused the event. The second is a contributing cause, which acts with other events to increase how likely the accident was to occur. The final type of cause is a root factor, which would prevent the accident from reoccurring if it is corrected. These aspects can be determined through the use of different analytical approaches. The deductive approach makes use of a reasoning approach, which moves from a general perspective to a specific one, based on the postulation of the failure of a specific system or process. The second approach is inductive, which postulates that a particular event of fault has initiated the process. This is an overview approach. Finally, the morphological approach makes use of the way that the system that is being studied is structured. This considers what aspects have the most significant effects on safety. A five-step model was developed by SINTEF for investigating accidents. The first step is identifying the sequence of events the occurred prior to the accident, the second is determining failures and deviations that influenced the events. The third step involves working out the problems with the systems of management. The fourth step involves the identification of weaknesses in top management. Finally, the fifth step involves finding the weaknesses in the public safety framework. When investigating an accident, one of the main objectives is reporting and the provision of recommendations, which have the potential to prevent similar accidence from occurring in the future. The TRIPOD concept examines the organizational failures that are crucial to accident prevention, based on the arguments that substandard aspects occur as the result of mechanisms within organization. These often occur due to decisions in the organization, and the underlying mechanisms are